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Asteroid Mining - Wikipedia How Asteroids Are Made

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Asteroid mining - Wikipedia

Artist's concept of minor planet mining

Asteroid mining is the exploitation of natural materials from metals and other common ones could exist used for construction in space.

Asteroid mining - Wikipedia

Difficulties contain the tall cost of spaceflight, unreliable identification of asteroids which are suitable for mining, and ore extraction challenges. Thus, :47f

Purpose[]

Based supported by well-known terrestrial reserves, and growing consumption in both developed and developing countries, key elements needed for modern business and food making could exist In response, it has been suggested that ]. Today, these metals are mined from Earth's crust, and they are essential for financial and technological progress. Hence, the geologic history of Earth may highly well set the leg for a hereafter of minor planet mining.

In 2006, the Although whether these cost reductions could exist achieved, and if achieved would offset the massive infrastructure investing required, is unknown.

Ice would satisfy one of two necessary conditions to enable "human expansion into the Solar System" (the ultimate goal for human volume flight proposed by the 2009 "Augustine Commission"

Asteroid selection[]

Comparison of delta-v requirements for standard
Mission Δv
Earth surface to 8.0 km/s
LEO to near-Earth asteroid 5.5 km/s surface 6.3 km/s
LEO to moons of 8.0 km/s

An important factor to consider in mark choice is orbital economics, in particular the change in velocity (

The counter above shows a contrast of Δv requirements for various missions. In terminology of pressure strength requirements, a mission to a near-Earth minor planet compares favorably to alternative mining missions.

Asteroid mining - Wikipedia

An instance of a potential target. This body has a highly low Δv compared to lifting materials from the surface of the Moon. However it would require a much longer round-trip to return the material.

Multiple types of asteroids have been identified yet the three main types would contain the C-type, S-type, and M-type asteroids:

  3. Asteroid cataloging[]

    The it has conducted two lines of related research to help find asteroids that could one day strike Earth, and find the technological means to divert their path to avoid such collisions.

    The foundation's 2013 goal was to plan and build a privately financed asteroid-finding

    Mining considerations[]

    There are three options for mining:

    Asteroid mining - Wikipedia
    1. Bring natural asteroidal body to Earth for use.
    2. Process it on-site to bring back only processed materials, and perhaps produce propellant for the return trip.
    3. Transport the minor planet to a safe course around the Moon, Earth or to the ISS.

    Processing in situ for the reason of extracting high-value minerals will reduce the strength requirements for transporting the materials, though the processing facilities must first exist transported to the mining site. In situ mining will involve drilling boreholes and injecting hot fluid/gas and allow the useful body to react or dissolve accompanied by the solvent and extract the solute. Due to the weak gravitational fields of asteroids, a scrap of drilling will cause large disturbances and form dust clouds.

    Mining operations require important equipment to handle the extraction and processing of ore in outer space. The machinery will need to exist anchored to the body,[ to locate and harvest these asteroids has resulted in the plans for three different types of satellites:

    1. Arkyd Series 100 (the Leo Space telescope) is a less expensive instrument that will exist used to find, analyze, and note what resources are available supported by nearby asteroids.
    2. Arkyd Series 200 (the Interceptor) Satellite that would in fact ground supported by the minor planet to get a closer analysis of the available resources.
    3. Arkyd Series 300 (Rendezvous Prospector) Satellite developed for research and finding resources deeper in space. to examine, sample, and harvest asteroids is divided into three families of spacecraft:

      1. FireFlies are triplets of nearly identical space shuttle in
      2. DragonFlies also are launched in waves of three nearly identical space shuttle to gather small samples (5–10 kg) and return them to Earth for analysis.
      3. Harvestors voyage out to asteroids to gather hundreds of tons of body for return to tall Earth course for processing.] This restriction is a major factor in the difficulty of interplanetary missions while fuel becomes payload.

        []

        Surface mining[]

        On some types of asteroids, body may exist scraped off the surface using a There is strong evidence that many asteroids consist of rubble piles, making this come to possible.

        Shaft mining[]

        A mine can exist dug into the asteroid, and the body extracted through the shaft. This requires precise sense to engineer exactness of and a transportation system to carry the desired ore to the processing facility.

        Asteroid mining - Wikipedia

        Magnetic rakes[]

        Asteroids accompanied by a tall metal ideas may exist covered in loose grains that can exist gathered by means of a magnet.

        Heating[]

        For asteroids such while carbonaceous chondrites that contain hydrated minerals, water and other volatiles can exist extracted simply by heating. A water extraction test in 2016

        []

        The nickel and steam iron of an steam iron rich minor planet could exist extracted by the

        Self-replicating machines[]

        A 1980 NASA cram entitled Advanced Automation for Space Missions proposed a complex automated factory supported by the Moon that would work over several years to build 80% of a copy of itself, the other 20% being imported from Earth since those extra complex parts (like computer chips) would require a vastly larger supply chain to produce.

        Proposed mining projects[]

        On April 24, 2012 a plan was announced by billionaire entrepreneurs to mine asteroids for their resources. The company is called ]This investing would have to exist amortized through the sale of commodities, delaying a scrap of return to investors. There are also some indications that Planetary Resources expects executive to fund infrastructure development, while was exemplified by its not long past request for $700,000 from NASA to fund the first of the telescopes described above.

        Another similar venture, called (LEO) by the end of the decade. Small asteroids are expected to exist loose piles of rubble, consequently on condition that for easy extraction.

        In September 2012, the

        Companies and organizations[]

        Several organizations have said they are employed supported by minor planet mining, including:

        Potential targets[]

        According to the Asterank database, the following asteroids are considered the best targets for mining if maximum cost-effectiveness is to exist achieved (last updated December 2018):

        Asteroid Est. Value (US$billion) Est. Profit (US$billion) Δv (km/s) Composition
        83 30 4.663 Nickel, iron, cobalt, water, nitrogen, hydrogen, ammonia
        14 4 4.889 Nickel, iron, cobalt
        5 1 4.987 Nickel, iron, cobalt
        0.7 0.2 5.096 Iron, hydrogen, ammonia, nitrogen
        62 16 5.162 Nickel, iron, cobalt
        7 2 5.189 Platinum, nickel, iron, cobalt
        5,570 1,250 5.440 Magnesium silicate, aluminum, steam iron silicate
        2001 CC21 147 30 5.636 Magnesium silicate, aluminum, steam iron silicate
        84 17 5.648 Nickel, iron, cobalt
        2001 SG10 3 0.5 5.880 Nickel, iron, cobalt
        27.67 1.78 - Nickel, iron, cobalt, gold ]

        Currently, the quality of the is believed to contain 1.7×1019 kg of nickel–iron, which could supply the earth making requirement for several million years. A small portion of the extracted body would also exist valuable metals.

        Not all mined materials from asteroids would exist cost-effective, notably for the potential return of financial amounts of body to Earth. For potential return to Earth, by using a gravitational assist maneuver to redirect an minor planet to cislunar course mining. ISRU natural materials will exist fabricated on-site for the manufacturing of building materials, landing pads, spaceports and spacecraft, and a moon base.

        Scarcity[]

        for those materials.

        The idea of tiring resources is not new. In 1798, Malthus posited this 222 years ago, and certainly not sign has yet emerged of the Malthus effect about natural materials.

        • Conditional reserves are discovered deposits that are not yet economically viable.[]
        • Indicated reserves are less intensively measured deposits whose data is derived from surveys and geological projections. Hypothetical reserves and speculative resources make up this group of reserves.
        • Inferred reserves are deposits that have been located yet not yet exploited. The "substitution effect", i.e. the use of other materials for the functions now performed by platinum, would raise in strength while the cost of platinum increased. New supplies would also come to market in the form of jewelry and recycled electronic equipment from itinerant "we buy platinum" businesses like the "we buy gold" businesses that exist now.

          As of September 2016, there are 711 well-known asteroids accompanied by a value exceeding

          Financial feasibility[]

          Space ventures are high-risk, accompanied by long go in front (of) times and weighty capital investment, and that is certainly not different for asteroid-mining projects. These types of ventures could exist funded through independent investing or through executive investment. For a mercantile venture it can exist profitable while long while the revenue earned is greater than total costs (costs for extraction and costs for marketing).

          1. Research and growth costs
          2. Exploration and prospecting costs
          3. Construction and infrastructure growth costs
          4. Operational and engineering costs
          5. Environmental costs
          6. Time cost

          Determining financial feasibility is best represented through have specifically explored the situation where platinum is brought from volume to Earth and value that economically viable minor planet mining for this specific situation would exist rather challenging.

          Decreases in the value of volume access matter. The start of operational use of the low-cost-per-kilogram-in-orbit

          Regulation and safety[]

          Space constitution involves a specific set of The rules, terminology and agreements that volume constitution authorities consider to exist piece of the active body of global volume constitution are the five global volume treaties and five UN declarations. Approximately 100 nations and institutions were involved in negotiations. The volume treaties cover many major issues such while arms control, non-appropriation of space, independence of exploration, liability for damages, safety and rescue of astronauts and spacecraft, prevention of harmful interference accompanied by volume activities and the environment, notification and registration of volume activities, and the settlement of disputes. In exchange for assurances from the volume power, the nonspacefaring nations acquiesced to U.S. and Soviet proposals to treat outer volume while a commons (res communis) territory which belonged to certainly not one state.

          Asteroid mining in particular is covered by both global treaties—for example, the ] However, global volume constitution prohibits possessions rights over territories and outer volume land.

          Astrophysicists

          The Outer Space Treaty[]

          After ten years of negotiations between nearly 100 nations, the Outer Space Treaty opened for signature supported by January 27, 1966. It entered into force while the constitution for outer volume supported by October 10, 1967. The Outer Space Treaty was well received; it was ratified by ninety-six nations and signed by an additional twenty-seven states. The outcome has been that the basic foundation of global volume constitution consists of five (arguably four) global volume treaties, along accompanied by various written resolutions and declarations. The main global pact is the Outer Space Treaty of 1967; it is generally viewed while the "Constitution" for outer space. By ratifying the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, ninety-eight nations agreed that outer volume would belong to the "province of mankind", that all nations would have the independence to "use" and "explore" outer space, and that both these provisions must exist done in a way to "benefit all mankind". The province of mankind principle and the other key terminology have not yet been specifically defined (Jasentuliyana, 1992). Critics have complained that the Outer Space Treaty is vague. Yet, global volume constitution has worked well and has served volume mercantile industries and interests for many decades. The taking away and extraction of Moon rocks, for example, has been treated while being legally permissible.

          The framers of Outer Space Treaty initially focused supported by solidifying broad terminology first, accompanied by the intent to create extra specific legal provisions later (Griffin, 1981: 733–734). This is why the members of the COPUOS later expanded the Outer Space Treaty norms by articulating extra specific understandings which are found in the "three supplemental agreements" – the Rescue and Return Agreement of 1968, the Liability Convention of 1973, and the Registration Convention of 1976 (734).

          Hobe (2006)[] explains that the Outer Space Treaty "explicitly and implicitly prohibits only the acquisition of territorial possessions rights" yet extracting volume resources is allowable.

          The Moon Agreement[]

          The Moon Agreement was signed in December 18, 1979 while piece of the

          Legal regimes of some countries[]

          The US[]

          Some nations are beginning to issue legal regimes for extraterrestrial resource extraction. For example, the United States "

          A United States citizen engaged in mercantile improvement of an minor planet resource or a volume resource under this chapter shall exist entitled to a scrap of minor planet resource or volume resource obtained, containing to possess, own, transport, use, and sell the minor planet resource or volume resource obtained in accordance accompanied by appropriate law, containing the global obligations of the United States

          On 6 April 2020 US-President Donald Trump signed the Executive Order supported by Encouraging International Support for the Recovery and Use of Space Resources. According to the Order:

          • Americans should have the right to engage in mercantile exploration, recovery, and use of resources in outer space
          • the US does not view volume while a "global commons"
          • the US opposes the Moon Agreement

          Luxembourg[]

          In February 2016, the By June 2016, it announced that it would "invest extra than US$200 million in research, technology demonstration, and in the direct purchase of equity in companies relocating to Luxembourg." In 2017, it became the "first European country to pass a

          Environmental impact[]

          A confident impact of minor planet mining has been conjectured while being an enabler of transferring industrial activities into space, such while strength generation.

          Missions[]

          Ongoing and planned[]

          • – ongoing JAXA minor planet sample return mission (arrived at the mark in 2018)
          • – ongoing NASA minor planet sample return mission (launched in September 2016)
          • (launch in 2024)
          • ]

            First successful missions by country:

            In fiction[]

            The first mention of minor planet mining in discipline fiction apparently came in Garrett P. Serviss' story , features the hands of the Nostromo, a commercially operated spaceship supported by a return outing to Earth hauling a refinery and 20 million tons of mineral ore mined from an asteroid.

            ]

            Gallery[]

            • Artist's concept from the 1970s of minor planet mining

            • Artist's concept of an minor planet mining vehicle while seen in 1984

            See also[]

            • ]
              1. This is the average amount; asteroids accompanied by much lower delta-v exist.

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              Publications[]

              • Space Enterprise: Beyond NASA / David Gump (1990) .
              • Mining the Sky: Untold Riches from the Asteroids, Comets, and Planets /
              • Lee, Ricky J. (2012). Law and order of mercantile mining of minerals in outer space. Dordrecht: Springer. .
              • Viorel Badescu: Asteroids – prospective strength and body resources. Springer, Berlin 2013, .
              • Ram Jakhu,et al.: Space Mining and Its Regulation. Springer, Cham 2016, .
              • Annette Froehlich: Space Resource Utilization: A View from an Emerging Space Faring Nation. Springer, Cham 2018, ]

                Text[]

                • , M. J. Sonter.
                • Michael Booth: (December 21, 1995)
                • , The Guardian, February 2016.
                • Blair, Brad R. (2000). ]
                  • Video , Aug 7, 2011
                  • Video , October 2010
                  • Video California Institute of Technology, Workshop Public Lecture Panel, September 2011
                  • Video , November 2013

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