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Asteroid mining - Wikipedia

Artist's concept of asteroid mining

Asteroid mining is the exploitation of raw materials from metals and other common ones could be used for construction in space.

Asteroid mining - Wikipedia

Difficulties include the high cost of spaceflight, unreliable identification of asteroids which are suitable for mining, and ore extraction challenges. Thus, :47f

Purpose[]

Based on known terrestrial reserves, and growing consumption in both developed and developing countries, key elements needed for modern industry and food production could be In response, it has been suggested that ]. Today, these metals are mined from Earth's crust, and they are essential for economic and technological progress. Hence, the geologic history of Earth may very well set the stage for a future of asteroid mining.

In 2006, the Although whether these cost reductions could be achieved, and if achieved would offset the enormous infrastructure investment required, is unknown.

Ice would satisfy one of two necessary conditions to enable "human expansion into the Solar System" (the ultimate goal for human space flight proposed by the 2009 "Augustine Commission"

Asteroid selection[]

Comparison of delta-v requirements for standard
Mission Δv
Earth surface to 8.0 km/s
LEO to near-Earth asteroid 5.5 km/s surface 6.3 km/s
LEO to moons of 8.0 km/s

An important factor to consider in target selection is orbital economics, in particular the change in velocity (

The table above shows a comparison of Δv requirements for various missions. In terms of propulsion energy requirements, a mission to a near-Earth asteroid compares favorably to alternative mining missions.

Asteroid mining - Wikipedia

An example of a potential target. This body has a very low Δv compared to lifting materials from the surface of the Moon. However it would require a much longer round-trip to return the material.

Multiple types of asteroids have been identified but the three main types would include the C-type, S-type, and M-type asteroids:

  3. Asteroid cataloging[]

    The it has conducted two lines of related research to help detect asteroids that could one day strike Earth, and find the technological means to divert their path to avoid such collisions.

    The foundation's 2013 goal was to design and build a privately financed asteroid-finding

    Mining considerations[]

    There are three options for mining:

    Asteroid mining - Wikipedia
    1. Bring raw asteroidal material to Earth for use.
    2. Process it on-site to bring back only processed materials, and perhaps produce propellant for the return trip.
    3. Transport the asteroid to a safe orbit around the Moon, Earth or to the ISS.

    Processing in situ for the purpose of extracting high-value minerals will reduce the energy requirements for transporting the materials, although the processing facilities must first be transported to the mining site. In situ mining will involve drilling boreholes and injecting hot fluid/gas and allow the useful material to react or melt with the solvent and extract the solute. Due to the weak gravitational fields of asteroids, any drilling will cause large disturbances and form dust clouds.

    Mining operations require special equipment to handle the extraction and processing of ore in outer space. The machinery will need to be anchored to the body,[ to locate and harvest these asteroids has resulted in the plans for three different types of satellites:

    1. Arkyd Series 100 (the Leo Space telescope) is a less expensive instrument that will be used to find, analyze, and see what resources are available on nearby asteroids.
    2. Arkyd Series 200 (the Interceptor) Satellite that would actually land on the asteroid to get a closer analysis of the available resources.
    3. Arkyd Series 300 (Rendezvous Prospector) Satellite developed for research and finding resources deeper in space. to examine, sample, and harvest asteroids is divided into three families of spacecraft:

      1. FireFlies are triplets of nearly identical spacecraft in
      2. DragonFlies also are launched in waves of three nearly identical spacecraft to gather small samples (5–10 kg) and return them to Earth for analysis.
      3. Harvestors voyage out to asteroids to gather hundreds of tons of material for return to high Earth orbit for processing.] This limitation is a major factor in the difficulty of interplanetary missions as fuel becomes payload.

        []

        Surface mining[]

        On some types of asteroids, material may be scraped off the surface using a There is strong evidence that many asteroids consist of rubble piles, making this approach possible.

        Shaft mining[]

        A mine can be dug into the asteroid, and the material extracted through the shaft. This requires precise knowledge to engineer accuracy of and a transportation system to carry the desired ore to the processing facility.

        Asteroid mining - Wikipedia

        Magnetic rakes[]

        Asteroids with a high metal content may be covered in loose grains that can be gathered by means of a magnet.

        Heating[]

        For asteroids such as carbonaceous chondrites that contain hydrated minerals, water and other volatiles can be extracted simply by heating. A water extraction test in 2016

        []

        The nickel and iron of an iron rich asteroid could be extracted by the

        Self-replicating machines[]

        A 1980 NASA study entitled Advanced Automation for Space Missions proposed a complex automated factory on the Moon that would work over several years to build 80% of a copy of itself, the other 20% being imported from Earth since those more complex parts (like computer chips) would require a vastly larger supply chain to produce.

        Proposed mining projects[]

        On April 24, 2012 a plan was announced by billionaire entrepreneurs to mine asteroids for their resources. The company is called ]This investment would have to be amortized through the sale of commodities, delaying any return to investors. There are also some indications that Planetary Resources expects government to fund infrastructure development, as was exemplified by its recent request for $700,000 from NASA to fund the first of the telescopes described above.

        Another similar venture, called (LEO) by the end of the decade. Small asteroids are expected to be loose piles of rubble, therefore providing for easy extraction.

        In September 2012, the

        Companies and organizations[]

        Several organizations have said they are working on asteroid mining, including:

        Potential targets[]

        According to the Asterank database, the following asteroids are considered the best targets for mining if maximum cost-effectiveness is to be achieved (last updated December 2018):

        Asteroid Est. Value (US$billion) Est. Profit (US$billion) Δv (km/s) Composition
        83 30 4.663 Nickel, iron, cobalt, water, nitrogen, hydrogen, ammonia
        14 4 4.889 Nickel, iron, cobalt
        5 1 4.987 Nickel, iron, cobalt
        0.7 0.2 5.096 Iron, hydrogen, ammonia, nitrogen
        62 16 5.162 Nickel, iron, cobalt
        7 2 5.189 Platinum, nickel, iron, cobalt
        5,570 1,250 5.440 Magnesium silicate, aluminum, iron silicate
        2001 CC21 147 30 5.636 Magnesium silicate, aluminum, iron silicate
        84 17 5.648 Nickel, iron, cobalt
        2001 SG10 3 0.5 5.880 Nickel, iron, cobalt
        27.67 1.78 - Nickel, iron, cobalt, gold ]

        Currently, the quality of the is believed to contain 1.7×1019 kg of nickel–iron, which could supply the world production requirement for several million years. A small portion of the extracted material would also be precious metals.

        Not all mined materials from asteroids would be cost-effective, especially for the potential return of economic amounts of material to Earth. For potential return to Earth, by using a gravitational assist maneuver to redirect an asteroid to cislunar orbit mining. ISRU raw materials will be fabricated on-site for the manufacturing of building materials, landing pads, spaceports and spacecraft, and a moon base.

        Scarcity[]

        for those materials.

        The idea of exhausting resources is not new. In 1798, Malthus posited this 222 years ago, and no sign has yet emerged of the Malthus effect regarding raw materials.

        • Conditional reserves are discovered deposits that are not yet economically viable.[]
        • Indicated reserves are less intensively measured deposits whose data is derived from surveys and geological projections. Hypothetical reserves and speculative resources make up this group of reserves.
        • Inferred reserves are deposits that have been located but not yet exploited. The "substitution effect", i.e. the use of other materials for the functions now performed by platinum, would increase in strength as the cost of platinum increased. New supplies would also come to market in the form of jewelry and recycled electronic equipment from itinerant "we buy platinum" businesses like the "we buy gold" businesses that exist now.

          As of September 2016, there are 711 known asteroids with a value exceeding

          Financial feasibility[]

          Space ventures are high-risk, with long lead times and heavy capital investment, and that is no different for asteroid-mining projects. These types of ventures could be funded through private investment or through government investment. For a commercial venture it can be profitable as long as the revenue earned is greater than total costs (costs for extraction and costs for marketing).

          1. Research and development costs
          2. Exploration and prospecting costs
          3. Construction and infrastructure development costs
          4. Operational and engineering costs
          5. Environmental costs
          6. Time cost

          Determining financial feasibility is best represented through have specifically explored the case where platinum is brought from space to Earth and estimate that economically viable asteroid mining for this specific case would be rather challenging.

          Decreases in the price of space access matter. The start of operational use of the low-cost-per-kilogram-in-orbit

          Regulation and safety[]

          Space law involves a specific set of The rules, terms and agreements that space law authorities consider to be part of the active body of international space law are the five international space treaties and five UN declarations. Approximately 100 nations and institutions were involved in negotiations. The space treaties cover many major issues such as arms control, non-appropriation of space, freedom of exploration, liability for damages, safety and rescue of astronauts and spacecraft, prevention of harmful interference with space activities and the environment, notification and registration of space activities, and the settlement of disputes. In exchange for assurances from the space power, the nonspacefaring nations acquiesced to U.S. and Soviet proposals to treat outer space as a commons (res communis) territory which belonged to no one state.

          Asteroid mining in particular is covered by both international treaties—for example, the ] However, international space law prohibits property rights over territories and outer space land.

          Astrophysicists

          The Outer Space Treaty[]

          After ten years of negotiations between nearly 100 nations, the Outer Space Treaty opened for signature on January 27, 1966. It entered into force as the constitution for outer space on October 10, 1967. The Outer Space Treaty was well received; it was ratified by ninety-six nations and signed by an additional twenty-seven states. The outcome has been that the basic foundation of international space law consists of five (arguably four) international space treaties, along with various written resolutions and declarations. The main international treaty is the Outer Space Treaty of 1967; it is generally viewed as the "Constitution" for outer space. By ratifying the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, ninety-eight nations agreed that outer space would belong to the "province of mankind", that all nations would have the freedom to "use" and "explore" outer space, and that both these provisions must be done in a way to "benefit all mankind". The province of mankind principle and the other key terms have not yet been specifically defined (Jasentuliyana, 1992). Critics have complained that the Outer Space Treaty is vague. Yet, international space law has worked well and has served space commercial industries and interests for many decades. The taking away and extraction of Moon rocks, for example, has been treated as being legally permissible.

          The framers of Outer Space Treaty initially focused on solidifying broad terms first, with the intent to create more specific legal provisions later (Griffin, 1981: 733–734). This is why the members of the COPUOS later expanded the Outer Space Treaty norms by articulating more specific understandings which are found in the "three supplemental agreements" – the Rescue and Return Agreement of 1968, the Liability Convention of 1973, and the Registration Convention of 1976 (734).

          Hobe (2006)[] explains that the Outer Space Treaty "explicitly and implicitly prohibits only the acquisition of territorial property rights" but extracting space resources is allowable.

          The Moon Agreement[]

          The Moon Agreement was signed in December 18, 1979 as part of the

          Legal regimes of some countries[]

          The US[]

          Some nations are beginning to promulgate legal regimes for extraterrestrial resource extraction. For example, the United States "

          A United States citizen engaged in commercial recovery of an asteroid resource or a space resource under this chapter shall be entitled to any asteroid resource or space resource obtained, including to possess, own, transport, use, and sell the asteroid resource or space resource obtained in accordance with applicable law, including the international obligations of the United States

          On 6 April 2020 US-President Donald Trump signed the Executive Order on Encouraging International Support for the Recovery and Use of Space Resources. According to the Order:

          • Americans should have the right to engage in commercial exploration, recovery, and use of resources in outer space
          • the US does not view space as a "global commons"
          • the US opposes the Moon Agreement

          Luxembourg[]

          In February 2016, the By June 2016, it announced that it would "invest more than US$200 million in research, technology demonstration, and in the direct purchase of equity in companies relocating to Luxembourg." In 2017, it became the "first European country to pass a

          Environmental impact[]

          A positive impact of asteroid mining has been conjectured as being an enabler of transferring industrial activities into space, such as energy generation.

          Missions[]

          Ongoing and planned[]

          • – ongoing JAXA asteroid sample return mission (arrived at the target in 2018)
          • – ongoing NASA asteroid sample return mission (launched in September 2016)
          • (launch in 2024)
          • ]

            First successful missions by country:

            In fiction[]

            The first mention of asteroid mining in science fiction apparently came in Garrett P. Serviss' story , features the crew of the Nostromo, a commercially operated spaceship on a return trip to Earth hauling a refinery and 20 million tons of mineral ore mined from an asteroid.

            ]

            Gallery[]

            • Artist's concept from the 1970s of asteroid mining

            • Artist's concept of an asteroid mining vehicle as seen in 1984

            See also[]

            • ]
              1. This is the average amount; asteroids with much lower delta-v exist.

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              Publications[]

              • Space Enterprise: Beyond NASA / David Gump (1990) .
              • Mining the Sky: Untold Riches from the Asteroids, Comets, and Planets /
              • Lee, Ricky J. (2012). Law and regulation of commercial mining of minerals in outer space. Dordrecht: Springer. .
              • Viorel Badescu: Asteroids – prospective energy and material resources. Springer, Berlin 2013, .
              • Ram Jakhu,et al.: Space Mining and Its Regulation. Springer, Cham 2016, .
              • Annette Froehlich: Space Resource Utilization: A View from an Emerging Space Faring Nation. Springer, Cham 2018, ]

                Text[]

                • , M. J. Sonter.
                • Michael Booth: (December 21, 1995)
                • , The Guardian, February 2016.
                • Blair, Brad R. (2000). ]
                  • Video , Aug 7, 2011
                  • Video , October 2010
                  • Video California Institute of Technology, Workshop Public Lecture Panel, September 2011
                  • Video , November 2013

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